Windows cannot find the local profile and is logging you on with a temporary profile

After deleting a profile on a Server 2008 x64 SP2 server, the users roaming profile is no longer loaded. Instead, a "TEMP" directory is used. After looking at the event logs, you also get the following:
  • Log Name: Application
  • Source: User Profile Service
  • EventID: 1511
  • Level: Warning
  • OpCode: Info
  • Message: Windows cannot find the local profile and is logging you on with a temporary profile. Changes you make to this profile will be lost when you log off.
  • Application: XenApp 5.0

Other errors:The user profile service failed the logon. User profile cannot be loaded.